transformer 3d drawing in autocad

Bones 3D and Surface Modelling

Introduction

Although AutoCAD has a number of commands for creating special 3D objects, a lot tin can be achieved past changing the properties of bones second objects like polylines. Most 2d objects can be given a thickness using the thickness option in the Properties (DDCHPROP) control. Although objects with a thickness can exist said to exist extruded, this should not be confused with the EXTRUDE control which creates solid extrusions; giving an object thickness produces a surface extrusion. All objects can be given an elevation by moving them in the Z direction using the Motion control. With a combination of the Move and Backdrop commands you tin quickly create uncomplicated 3D drawings.

Using this tutorial you lot will learn how to give objects a thickness, how to move them vertically, how to view your 3D creations and how to use the 3DFACE and SHADE commands.

The DDVPOINT Command

You can utilise this command to get an axonometric view of your cartoon.

There are a number of means to get an axonometric view of your AutoCAD drawing only the DDVPOINT control is probably the easiest and quickest to apply. It is, nonetheless, buried two layers deep in the pull-downwardly carte du jour so it's often quicker simply to type information technology at the keyboard, since there is no toolbar button. Every bit you probably recognise from the control name it is a dialogue box driven command. The Viewpoint Presets dialogue box is illustrated on the right. As you can see, you lot define a view by specifying two angles. The first angle is the rotation from the X axis (the horizontal angle). The second is the angle from the XY plane (the vertical angle). Using the dialogue box you lot can specify an angle either by picking on the ii dials or by entering an angle into each of the 2 angle edit boxes. You can even look at your drawing from underneath by specifying a negative vertical angle. For near purposes a horizontal angle along one of the diagonals, 45, 135, 225 and 315 and a vertical angle of 30 give the best results.

You can render to a programme view of your drawing by using the PLAN command. To do this, but enter "PLAN" at the control prompt and so to accept the "Current UCS" default. Y'all can also render to any previous view past using the Zoom Previous command option, Z P at the keyboard or from the Standard toolbar.

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The Properties Command

You tin apply the DDCHPROP command to change the colour, layer, linetype, linetype calibration and thickness of any unmarried or multiple object selection. The DDMODIFY command gives all of these alter options in addition to those which are specific to the object type. DDMODIFY is e'er used past AutoCAD equally a default for unmarried object selections when the Properties control is selected from the toolbar or from the pull-down carte du jour.

Command Sequence

Command: DDCHPROP
Select objects: (option i or more than objects)
Select objects:
When you lot have selected the objects, the Change Properties dialogue box appears. To change the thickness, simply enter a value (in drawing units) in the Thickness edit box. When you click the "OK" push your objects will be extruded by the corporeality specified.

The analogy (right) shows the event of applying a thickness to a circle. A circle with no thickness is shown on the left and a circle with thickness on the correct.

Effectively a circle with thickness becomes a cylinder. You lot can tell past the orientation of the UCS icon in this illustration that this is an axonometric view (run across "The DDVPOINT Command" to a higher place for details).

Moving in the Z Direction

By now you should be quite used to using the Move command but up until now you've simply been moving 2D objects in the XY Plane. Motion can just every bit hands be used to movement a drawing object vertically, perpendicular to the XY Aeroplane. You can do this by using XY and Z co-ordinates or by picking points in 3D space.

In the illustration on the left a circle has been moved from the base of operations plane of a cube to the top face of a cube. This is done by using the MOVE command ( from the pull-downward or from the Change toolbar). Just start the MOVE command, select the circle, pick one of the lower corners of the cube as the base point (employ the end bespeak Osnap!) and and so pick the corresponding summit corner as the second betoken, again using the end point Osnap. If yous await at the circumvolve in plan in that location appears to be no deviation in it's position considering it has not been moved in the XY plane only perpendicular to information technology. Yous tin can utilise the same principle to move any drawing entity. Acquit in mind that yous must always utilise an Osnap when you lot are picking points in 3D space. If you do not, the picked point will ever be on the base plane, which doesn't make any sense. One of the problems with this is that you may not realise your mistake until y'all change your view position considering in the current view the objects will announced to have been moved normally. It's a practiced idea to continue switching your view point equally a check.

In the to a higher place case the motility was fairly easy because we had a cube to apply every bit a guide. Very oft you will need to motion an object vertically without whatsoever guide. In such a instance y'all should employ co-ordinates. For example, if the cube in the illustration to a higher place was forty drawing units loftier then I could move the circle using the following command sequence.

Command Sequence

Command: MOVE
Select objects: (select the circumvolve)
Select objects:
Base of operations signal or displacement: 0,0,0
2d point of deportation: 0,0,xl

Find that I use the UCS origin indicate as a base point, that'south because it's standard practice but in principle information technology could be any point in space. The most important thing is that the X and Y co-ordinates remain the same (because nosotros exercise not want to move in the XY Aeroplane) and the Z according must increase by the distance you want to move upwards. Using according 25,43,16 as the base bespeak and 25,43,56 equally the second point would accept resulted in exactly the same motility. To move downward yous just need to specify a negative Z co-ordinate. For example to move the circle downwards by forty units the second point co-ordinate would exist 0,0,-40.

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The 3D Face Command

The 3D Face up command is used to describe 3D surfaces with 3 or 4 edges.

Command Sequence

Control: 3DFACE
First Point: (choice signal)
Second Point: (pick bespeak)
Third Signal: (pick point)
Quaternary Bespeak: (pick point or for only three edges)
3rd Point: (showtime another 3D Face up or to finish)

Why do I need a 3D Face?

The reason is that when y'all give an entity like a rectangle a thickness information technology is given solid sides in the management of the extrusion just it is left open up ended like a tube. To add a height and a lesser to a box you must use 3D Faces. In the illustration on the right, two boxes have been shaded using the Shade control, SHADE from the keyboard, from the pull-downwards or from the Render toolbar. See SHADE for a description of the Shade command options. The box on the correct is a rectangle which has been given a thickness. As yous can see, information technology does not have a top. A 3D Confront has been added to the top of the box on the left which gives the effect of a solid surface when shaded.

When you apply the Shade control, don't forget to use the Regen control to get back to the wireline drawing. AutoCAD does non allow y'all to pick points on a shaded drawing.

For complicated shapes you lot may need to use a number of 3D Faces to fill a surface. Fortunately, extruded circles are automatically given a solid elevation and bottom so you don't need whatsoever 3D Faces. If y'all practice demand to use a complex of faces to fill a surface at that place is a fashion to hibernate the join lines between faces. If you type "I" and before the first pick bespeak of any border, that edge will be made invisible. If you are conscientious y'all can easily fill a complicated surface with many 3D Faces which will simply appear as a unmarried continuous surface. If you demand to create a very complex surface it may be ameliorate to employ the EXTRUDE command which creates solid extrusions i.e. they already take top and lesser surfaces.

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An Practice

The practice below is designed and so that you tin can practice all of the new commands and techniques outlined to a higher place. It is a simple table which is equanimous of nine principal elements, iv legs, iv rails, and a top. These elements are all constructed using the Rectangle command, RECTANG from the keyboard or from the pull-downwardly menu. Remember, there is nothing special about rectangles, they are only 4 sided closed polylines, then if you lot prefer using the PLINE command, and so feel complimentary.

These rectangles will exist given a thickness using the Properties command and an pinnacle using the MOVE command. Some 3D Faces are used for the finishing touches using the 3DFACE command.

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Drawing the Table

Step 1

First of all draw the table plan using the dimensions on the illustration and inset item below. All dimensions are in millimetres. The plan is composed of ix rectangles. You lot may need to employ other commands like Line and Offset to construct the rectangles. Alternatively you can work out the rectangle co-ordinates and construct them manually. Remember to utilize the Copy and/or Mirror commands to duplicate identical objects. For example, it's actually only necessary to draw one leg since they are all the same.

Step 2

Next, using the Properties control, select the four table legs and give them a thickness of 700. Using the Backdrop command a second fourth dimension, select the four table runway and give them a thickness of 100. Motility the track vertically through 600 with the Motion control using a according value of 0,0,0 for the base betoken and 0,0,600 for the 2nd betoken. Finally utilise the Properties command a third fourth dimension to give the table top a thickness of 40 and utilise MOVE again to give the superlative an elevation of 700. Now look at what you take created using the DDVPOINT command, from the pull-down or DDVPOINT at the keyboard. Use the SHADE command to meet the solid consequence, from the pull-down or SHADE at the keyboard.

Step 3

As y'all will have noticed, your tabular array does not yet accept a solid elevation. You can achieve this using 3D Face. You tin start the 3D Confront command from the pull-down, , from the Render toolbar, or from the keyboard, 3DFACE. 3D Faces are divers by picking the four points of a rectangle in either a clockwise or anticlockwise direction. Start the 3D Face control and using the endpoint Osnap, select the four upper corners of the tabular array top. Use the Shade control again to see the effect. Yous can employ more 3D Faces to complete the model. Past looking at the tabular array from various angles you will notice that the underside of the rails, the underside of the legs and the underside of the table summit all demand 3D Faces in order to create a completely solid model.

Now that you lot have completed your model, experiment with the Shade command and the various shade edge settings (see "Tips and Tricks" beneath).

Step 4

To finish your drawing, set tilemode to 0, create an A3 cartoon sheet and insert some tiled viewports, see thePaper Space exercise for details. Your drawing should finish up looking something like the ane below. The vase was created using the REVSURF command, run into REVSURF for details.

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3D Objects

In improver to the simple 3D objects yous can create by giving objects thickness and adding 3D Faces, AutoCAD provides a number of ready made 3D objects. These objects can exist called from the 3D Objects dialogue box. Equally yous can come across from the illustration of the dialogue box below, you lot can create very simple objects like a box and complex ones similar the torus.

You must invoke the 3D objects dialogue box from the pull-downwards menu, as at that place is no keyboard equivalent. Alternatively you tin can select individual 3D Object commands from the Surfaces toolbar. Each 3D Object requires dissimilar input from the user but the command line is quite explicit so yous shouldn't accept whatsoever problems.

1 of the most useful objects is the Sphere. In the illustration on the right a 3D tree has been created using a circle with thickness as the trunk and a sphere as the awning. Ane affair to bear in mind when creating spheres is that the centre of the sphere will be on the ground plane. Therefore, half of the sphere is below ground level and half above. If you want the sphere to sit on the basis plane, all y'all have to do is move it up through a altitude which is the same equally it'due south radius.

Another consideration when creating spheres and some of the other shapes is the number of segments to use. Information technology is very tempting to employ a lot and create a polish shape but this does take lots of drawing memory so go carefully. The default value (16) is usually adequate for nigh purposes.

Command Sequence

Invoke the dialogue box from the pull-down (), option the sphere icon and and then the "OK" push or pick from the Surfaces toolbar.

Center of sphere: (pick betoken)
Diameter/<radius>: (pick betoken or enter value)
Number of longitudinal segments<xvi>: (enter number or)
Number of latitudinal segments<16>: (enter number or)
Your Sphere is drawn.

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Tips & Tricks

• If you would like to try creating the vase as shown in the tabular array cartoon. You will need to know a little chip almost UCS, User Co-ordinate Systems (see UCS) and how the Revolved Surface control works (see the 3D Tree exercise for details).
• You can alter the shaded effect that the Shade command gives to your drawing using the SHADEDGE variable. To alter the shade edge variable just enter SHADEDGE at the keyboard and enter a value between 0 and 3.
  SHADEDGE = 0 gives a shaded color surface with no lines.
  SHADEDGE = 1 gives a shaded colour surface with lines. This tends to give the best overall results.
  SHADEDGE = 2 gives a background colour surface which gives a similar effect to the Hide command.
  SHADEDGE = 3 gives a block color surface, this is the AutoCAD default. Encounter SHADE for a fuller description of the SHADEDGE variable.
• E'er utilize Osnaps when picking in 3D.
• Use the Shade control regularly to keep track of your drawing. In wireline it's impossible to tell if a surface has a 3D Face or not, so you'll need to use Shade to check.
• You can force invisible 3D Face edges to brandish in wireline using the SPLFRAME variable. If SPLFRAME = 0 all invisible edges remain subconscious. If it is set to one invisible edges will exist displayed. This can exist extremely useful because it is impossible to select a 3D Face up which has no visible edges. The only way to select such a 3D Face is to set SPLFRAME to i first.

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